Quantitative trait loci responsible for the difference in γ-oryzanol content in brown rice between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars

γ-Oryzanol is a main oleophilic component in rice bran oil and has been well recognized as a good dietary supplement for human health, as well as having uses in industrial materials. japonica-type rice cultivars generally showed significantly higher contents of total γ-oryzanol in brown rice compared with indica-type cultivars, although within-group variation was significant. The objective of this study was to explore quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for the difference in the γ-oryzanol content between japonica-type and indica-type rice cultivars, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs), backcross inbred lines (BILs), and corresponding chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from crosses between japonica-type and indica-type. Results from RILs and BILs showed that eight QTLs were detected with R² from .09 to .16. Nine candidate regions for QTL were also suggested from corresponding CSSLs. These QTLs from RILs and BILs and the candidate regions from CSSLs were not overlapped, although one QTLs was mapped near the boundaries of the respective candidate region. At four QTLs and three candidate regions, alleles or segments from japonica-type caused higher contents than those from indica-type. On the other hand, at the other four QTLs and six candidate regions, alleles or segments from indica-type caused higher contents than those from japonica-type, which is a reverse result to the parental differences. This result strongly suggested that alleles with increasing effects on γ-oryzanol content could be accumulated not only from japonica-type but also from indica-type, leading to a potential for increase in γ-oryzanol content in future breeding programs.     

Present Situation and Prospect of Professional Grading and Loose-leaf Purchasing of Flue-cured Tobacco

针对目前我国烤烟专业化分级散叶收购的普遍实施。探讨了烤烟专分散收的优势，总结分析了专分散收过程中存在的问题，并针对这些问题提出了建议。以期为今后散叶收购工作的进一步推广提供实践经验。     

5个冬麦品种产量性状和叶片特征多样性分析

采用单因素完全随机设计,调查5个冬麦品种产量性状和叶片特征多样性。结果表明,5项产量相关性状指标(株高、穗长、主穗粒数、有效分蘖数、有效小穗数)在不同冬麦品种间差异均达显著水平;5个品种的上表皮气孔密度均多于下表皮,其中,上表皮气孔密度为62.67~71.11个/mm2,下表皮气孔密度为30.00~46.25个/mm2;叶脉总数为57.00~65.67条;叶脉密度为36.89~43.00条/mm。     

Comparative functional responses of native and high‐impacting invasive fishes: impact predictions for native prey populations

Comparative functional responses (FRs) can predict impacts of invasive species, including piscivorous fishes, via quantifying their depletion of native food resources as a function of prey density. The utility of FRs for predicting impacts on prey populations by invasive fishes of different trophic guilds was tested here by comparing the FRs of the invaders Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, with three native, trophically analogous fishes, Barbus barbus, Squalius cephalus and Tinca tinca. Chironomid larvae and Gammarus pulex were used as prey items. Predictions, developed from studies on the foraging of C. carpio and C. auratus in the literature, were that the invaders would have significantly higher consumption rates for chironomids than the native fishes, but not for G. pulex. Mean consumption rates for chironomids were significantly lower for both invaders than B. barbus and S. cephalus, but were similar to T. tinca. Barbus barbus had a significantly lower consumption rate of G. pulex than both invaders, but there were no significant differences between S. cephalus, T. tinca and the invaders. All FRs were type II, with FR curves for the invaders preying upon chironomids never being significantly higher than the native fishes, contrary to predictions. For G. pulex, some significant differences were apparent between the invaders and native fishes, but again were contrary to predictions. These results indicated that when predation impacts of invasive fishes could also be a function of their population density and body sizes, these parameters should be incorporated into FR models to improve impact predictions.     

宁南霉素等药剂对番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的田间防效

[目的]评价宁南霉素、艾德拉和碧护3种药剂混合使用防治番茄黄花曲叶病毒病的效果。[方法]通过田间试验研究8%宁南霉素、艾德拉绿(花、果)与碧护组成的药剂对番茄黄化曲叶病毒病的防治效果。[结果]8%宁南霉素、艾德拉绿(花、果)与碧护组成的试验药剂对番茄黄化曲叶病毒病具有很好的田间防治效果,第3次施药后10、20、30 d防效均在82%以上,与对照药剂番茄黄化曲叶病毒灵差异达极显著水平,且其产量比清水对照增加25 747.5 kg/hm~2,保产率为103.90%。[结论]宁南霉素、艾德拉和碧护混合使用对番茄黄花曲叶病毒病具有较好的防治效果,为番茄黄花曲叶病毒病的有效防治提供了理论依据。     

氮素穗肥运筹对两个杂交中籼稻叶片形态、光合生产及产量的影响

【目的】为探究氮素穗肥不同促花肥和保花肥比例对水稻光合生产和产量的影响,并为水稻氮素穗肥管理提供依据,【方法】以株型和产量均存在较大差异的2个杂交中稻品种(德香4103和宜香3724)为材料,在常规施氮量(180 kg/hm2)下,研究了占总氮40%的穗肥不同促花肥和保花肥运筹比例(1∶3,2∶2,3∶1,4∶0)对水稻叶片生长、形态、光合生产及产量的影响。【结果】2个水稻品种均在低促花肥、高保花肥时(1∶3)表现出叶片直立、受光形态好,净光合速率高和群体干物质积累量大的特点,并最终获得较高产量;而在高促花肥、低保花肥下,2个水稻品种的剑叶、倒2叶叶面积和叶角增大,披垂度增加,群体质量变差,结实率和粒重下降,产量降低。德香4103因其颖花量较大,上3叶叶面积和总叶面积相对适宜,粒叶比高,且在不同穗肥运筹下叶面积和叶角变幅较小,因而受光姿态和群体质量更优,干物质积累量更大,产量更高。【结论】水稻氮素穗肥运筹应塑造良好叶片形态和群体质量,并增加花后物质积累量才能有助于产量提高;并对水稻株叶型选育进行了探讨。     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.     

水稻叶片内卷突变体rl(t)的鉴定与基因定位

【目的】叶片是水稻理想株型的重要内容,叶片适度卷曲可以提高光合效率。对卷叶相关基因进行遗传分析和初步定位,为下一步的基因克隆与功能分析提供研究基础。【方法】利用EMS诱变雄性不育保持系宜香1B获得一份稳定遗传的叶片向内卷曲突变体,暂命名为rl(t)。在成熟期,测定野生型和rl(t)的主要农艺性状;在分蘖期,取野生型和rl(t)叶片用FAA固定液固定进行石蜡切片,同时,用野生型和rl(t)剑叶测定叶绿素含量;在抽穗期,利用Li-6400便携式光合仪测定10株抽穗期的野生型和rl(t)的光合参数;将rl(t)与野生型及日本晴杂交,观察F_1植株表型,对F_2表型分离进行χ~2测验,对突变体进行遗传分析。以rl(t)/日本晴的F_2群体为材料,利用BSA法进行定位。【结果】与野生型相比,突变体叶片向内卷曲明显,叶片更加直立,叶色变深,其他主要农艺性状均有不同程度降低。光合特性分析表明,突变体比野生型具有更高的光合色素含量,但光合效率没有明显差异。叶片组织切片观察表明,突变体中泡状细胞变小可能是导致叶片卷曲的主要原因。遗传分析表明,该突变体受一对隐性核基因控制,利用突变体与日本晴的F_2群体进行基因定位,最终将该基因定位在第7染色体长臂InDel标记Ind3和Ind4间610 kb的物理区间。【结论】rl(t)叶片内卷是由于近轴面泡状细胞面积减小。RL(t)定位区间内未见卷叶相关基因报道,推测RL(t)可能是一对新基因。     

不同叶位黄精叶片的光合日变化及其影响因子

【目的】研究不同叶位黄精叶片的光合生理指标日变化规律及环境因子的影响,揭示叶片光合能力的影响因素及其与叶位之间的关系,为黄精光合生产潜力的挖掘提供理论参考。【方法】以黄精为研究对象,采用LI-6400光合仪测定不同叶位叶片的光合日变化,采用相关分析、偏相关分析、逐步回归分析及通径分析,研究影响不同叶位叶片光合作用的主要环境因子。【结果】①黄精不同叶位间的净光合速率差异显著,表现为中位叶上位叶下位叶,即随叶位升高表现出"低-高-低"的规律。②黄精不同叶位叶片净光合速率日变化均呈"双峰型"曲线,且有较明显的光合"午休"现象。③气孔因素为影响不同时段光合作用的主要限制因素,非气孔因素为影响不同叶位叶片光合作用的主要限制因子。④由相关分析与偏相关分析可知,黄精Pn、Tr、Gs与不同环境因子(RH、VPD、Tl、PAR、Ca)之间均存在相关性。⑤由逐步多元回归分析和通径分析可知,影响黄精Pn、Gs、Tr的主要环境因子为RH和PAR,其中RH为Pn、Gs、Tr变化的主要决策因子,且环境因子对不同叶位叶片的影响有异。【结论】测定黄精植株光合指标时应选第10节位左右的中位叶。黄精栽培过程中应及时去顶,在炎热的正午,可适当提高大气相对湿度以提高净光合效率。     

基于无人机成像高光谱影像的冬小麦LAI估测

利用无人机Cubert UHD185 Firefly成像光谱仪和ASD光谱仪获取了冬小麦挑旗期、开花期和灌浆期的成像和非成像高光谱以及LAI数据。首先,对比ASD与UHD185光谱仪数据光谱反射率,评价两者精度;然后,选取7个光谱参数,分析其与冬小麦3个生育期LAI的相关性,并使用线性回归和指数回归挑选出最佳估测参数;最后利用多元线性回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络和支持向量机构建了冬小麦3个不同生育期LAI的估测模型。结果表明:UHD185光谱仪光谱反射率在红边区域与ASD光谱仪趋势一致性很高,反射率在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的R^2分别为0.9959、0.9990和0.9968,UHD185光谱仪数据精度较高;7种光谱参数在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期与LAI相关性最高的参数分别是NDVI(r=0.738)、SR(r=0.819)、NDVI×SR(r=0.835);LAI-MLR为冬小麦LAI的最佳估测模型,其中开花期拟合性最好,精度最高(建模R^2=0.6788、RMSE为0.69、NRMSE为19.79%,验证R^2=0.8462、RMSE为0.47、NRMSE为16.04%)。